There Is No Parkinson Disease

There is no Parkinson disease.

The term Parkinson disease defines a specific clinical condition characterized by a typical history and characteristic signs. This review examines the historical evolution of the concept of Parkinson disease and how the misunderstanding of Parkinson disease may be hindering clinical research trials. It is proposed that this syndrome be called Parkinson diseases or parkinsonism type 1 through in...

Welding and Parkinson disease: is there a bond?

The cause of Parkinson disease (PD) remains unknown. Progress has been made on the genetic front with the identification of specific gene mutations (e.g., -synuclein) associated with familial Parkinson syndromes. Because of their clinical heterogeneity there remains debate as to whether these genetic syndromes are representative of what has been considered classical PD. The identification of mu...

Oral Lichen Planus and Celiac Disease: is there any Relationship?

Background: Lichen planus is an autoimmune disorder and is associated with other autoimmune diseases. There is, however, little evidence of the association of oral lichen planus with celiac disease. The aim of this work was to investigate, for the first time, such an association in patients in the city of Mashhad, Iran. Methods: This case-control study was per...

There is no lexicon!

0. Introduction Within generative linguistics, underlying representations have been a sine qua non. Such representations have been thought to encode what is unpredictable or not governed by rules. Within Optimality Theory (henceforth OT), even though the rules are virtually gone, this view continues. The function GEN and EVAL pair an underlying representation with an optimal output. I argue aga...

There Is No Dividing Line